ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the epidemiology of pathogens of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in children in Guangzhou area.Methods:A total of 13 610 hospitalized children with ARTI in Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center from January 2018 to December 2021 were enrolled. Throat swab specimens were collected, and fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect 11 respiratory pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human bocavirus (HBoV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A virus (IFA), influenza B virus (IFB), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP). Grouping according to age (< one year group, one to < three years group, three to < six years group, six to 14 years group) and season. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results:At least one pathogen was detected in 6 331 cases among 13 610 patients, and the overall positive rate was 46.52%. The detection rates from high to low were as follows: RSV (13.75%(1 872/13 610)), ADV (4.82%(656/13 610)), PIV (4.82%(656/13 610)), MP (4.54%(618/13 610)), HRV (3.39%(462/13 610)), HBoV (2.64%(359/13 610)), HMPV (2.59%(352/13 610)), EV (1.76%(239/13 610)), IFA (1.29%(176/13 610)), IFB (0.90%(122/13 610)) and CP (0.30%(41/13 610)). The positive rate of viral detection showed significant differences among different age groups ( χ2=49.91, P<0.001), and the highest positive rate was in the age group of one to <three years (50.83%(2 196/4 320)). The positive rate of viral detection showed a significant difference in terms of seasonal distribution ( χ2=13.90, P=0.003), with a peak prevalence in summer (48.76%(1 498/3 072)). Conclusions:RSV, ADV, PIV, MP and HRV are important pathogens causing ARTI in children in Guangzhou area. The distribution of pathogens in children with ARTI is associated with age and season.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the epidemiological distribution characteristics of blood pressure in patients with altitude sickness, and the influence of abnormal glucose metabolism and other factors on abnormal blood pressure in patients with altitude sickness, so as to propose preventive plans. Methods From the 358 patients with altitude sickness diagnosed in our hospital from January 2017 to June 2021, 259 patients who met the inclusion criteria of this study were selected for analysis (99 patients with previously diagnosed hypertension were excluded, and the final 259 patients) The study selected 259 subjects, collected information on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and other potential influencing factors, analyzed associations, and discussed reasonable prevention strategies. Statistics using SPSS19.0. Results The mean systolic blood pressure of newly diagnosed hypertensive patients was (154.36±12.58) mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure was (93.69±9.54) mmHg, and the pulse pressure difference was (61.25±10.28) mmHg, (compared with the control group t/P value: 16.505/ 1+0.130x2+0.874 x3+0.849x4+0.309x5+0.341x6+0.895x7-0.064x8 . Conclusion Strengthening the publicity and education of health knowledge related to chronic diseases in patients with altitude sickness, enhancing their awareness of high-risk factors such as hyperglycemia, and effective control of blood sugar and blood lipids have positive effects on preventing complicated hypertension.
ABSTRACT
In the middle of December in2019, a pneumonia outbreak caused by a new coronavir-us, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), emerged in the populations in Wuhan city of China. The epidem-ic spreads rapidly and has been disseminated throughout the country and to 13 other counties in Asia, Eu-rope, Oceania and North America. To accurately and deeply understand the biological characteristics, epide-miological features and pathogenicity of 2019-nCoV and related immunological characteristics, microbiologi-cal examinations and public protection measure, this study reviewed 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV pneumonia based on the newest relevant literatures and the newest version of National Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of 2019-nCoV pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
In the middle of December in 2019, a pneumonia outbreak caused by a new coronavirus, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), emerged in the populations in Wuhan city of China. The epidemic spreads rapidly and has been disseminated throughout the country and to 13 other counties in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. To accurately and deeply understand the biological characteristics, epidemiological features and pathogenicity of 2019-nCoV and related immunological characteristics, microbiological examinations and public protection measure, this study reviewed 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV pneumonia based on the newest relevant literatures and the newest version of National Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of 2019-nCoV pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
In the middle of December in 2019, a pneumonia outbreak caused by a new coronavirus, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), emerged in the populations in Wuhan city of China. The epidemic spreads rapidly and has been disseminated throughout the country and to 13 other counties in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. To accurately and deeply understand the biological characteristics, epidemiological features and pathogenicity of 2019-nCoV and related immunological characteristics, microbiological examinations and public protection measure, this study reviewed 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV pneumonia based on the newest relevant literatures and the newest version of National Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of 2019-nCoV pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
@# As acute enterovirus⁃induced infections, herpangina(HA) and hand⁃foot⁃mouth disease(HFMD) are simi⁃lar in many aspects. Although these diseases vary with time and region, many studies have shown that the viruses caus⁃ing HA and HFMD are consistent, and there is no notable difference in partial VP1 gene sequences between different vi⁃ruses. HA and HFMD also resemble each other in epidemiological features. Both infections show significant summer⁃time seasonality, have a strong connection with certain environmental conditions and are most prevalent in young chil⁃dren and infants. Herpangina is thought to be a mild disease, defined as vesicular enanthem and then ulcers of the fau⁃ces and soft palate with presentation of feve r, sore throat, and decreased appetite. HFMD, which could lead to severe symptoms, is also characterized by oral ulcers, although they are chiefly on the buccal mucosa and tongue, and typical vesicular rashes, which are most commonly found on the hands, feet, knees and buttocks. While HA is generally be⁃ lieved to be self⁃limited and has a favorable prognosis, HA with certain clinical characteristics, such as diarrhea, vomit⁃ing, limb jitter and sleepiness, can evolve into HFMD, according to some literature in recent years. However, HA is an independent risk factor for HFMD, and severe cases only present with herpes appearing at the isthmus of the fauces at an early stage, which indicates a strong correlation between them. Clinical manifestations of HA should be considered by medical staff to identify potential children with HFMD as early as possible to prevent its further development or transformation.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2017 and provide evidence for the development of strategy of human rabies control and prevention.@*Methods@#The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted based on the epidemic data from Chinese Infectious Disease Surveillance Reporting System, sentinel surveillance system in 6 provinces (Hunan, Guangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Jiangsu and Shandong) and National Bureau of Statistics in 2017.@*Results@#A total of 516 human rabies cases, including 502 deaths, were reported by 27 provinces in 2017 with the morbidity rate and mortality rate of 0.037/100 000 and 0.036/100 000, respectively. The case number and death number decreased by 19.88% (128/644) and 15.20% (90/592) respectively compared with 2016. Rabies epidemics were mainly found in southern and central areas. The first 5 provinces reporting high case numbers were Hunan (71 cases), Henan (52 cases), Guangxi (41 cases), Anhui (39 cases) and Hubei (39 cases), their cases accounted for 46.90% (242/516) of the total reported cases in China. Rabies mainly occurred in summer and autumn, and the majority of patients were farmers, students and children outside child care settings. The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.46 ∶ 1 (367 ∶ 149). Cases was reported in all age groups, and more cases occurred in middle aged and old adults than in adolescents. Questionnaires survey was conducted for 186 cases, the results indicated that 94.89% (167/176) of exposures were caused by dog bites. The exposure degree was mainly category Ⅲ, accounting for 68.86% (115/167), and only 6.02% (10/166) of cases were immunized after exposure. The median of latent period of these cases was 72 days.@*Conclusions@#By 2017, the human rabies incidence in China had declined consecutively for ten years, more cases were reported in southern area than in northern area. The case number showed downward trends in provinces with high incidences and fluctuant increase in provinces with low incidence. Rabies cases mainly occurred in rural areas, and most cases were men and farmers. Low rate of post exposure prophylaxis, low rates of vaccination and passive immunization product injection were main causes for the onset of human rabies. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for human rabies, especially in rural areas, health education about treatment after rabies exposure and expend the coverage of canine immunization.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the newly diagnosed occupational disease spectrum of female workers in Guangdong Province from 2009 to 2018. METHODS: The data of occupational diseases of female workers reported to the National Occupational Diseases Network Direct Reporting System during 2009 to 2018 in Guangdong Province were collected, and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. RESULTS: A total of 1 191 female workers with new occupational diseases were reported in Guangdong Province from 2009 to 2018, involving 40 occupational diseases in 8 categories. The number of new occupational disease cases generally showed an increased trend in a zigzag pattern, with the lowest number in 2009(44 cases). The new case number increased from 2015 to 2018, and reached a peak in 2017(176 cases), which was four times higher than that in 2009. The top four classifications of occupational diseases were occupational chemical poisoning(59.7%), occupational ear-nose-throat-oral diseases(19.7%), occupational tumor(7.8%), and occupational pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases(6.1%). The top four entities of occupational diseases were occupational chronic benzene poisoning(35.0%), occupational noise deafness(19.6%), occupational chronic n-hexane poisoning(14.5%) and occupational benzene induced leukemia(7.7%). The new occupational diseases mainly concentrated in Pearl River Delta Region, accounting for 96.6%. The new cases mainly distributed in manufacturing industry(95.1%), private economic enterprises(41.6%), and medium and small enterprises(68.3%). Totally 64.2% of the cases were seen in operating workers. CONCLUSION: The newly diagnosed occupational disease spectrum of female workers in Guangdong Province shows aggregation in both categories and varieties. It also shows aggregation in certain area, enterprise industry, enterprise economic type, enterprise scale and type of work.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the situation of Schistosoma japonicum infections in foating population and its epidemi-ological characteristics in China,so as to provide insights into the development of the surveillance strategy and interventions for schistosomiasis. Methods According to the protocol of national surveillance project,indirect hemagglutination test(IHA) was employed for serological screening of S.japonicum infections among the floating population in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2014,and the sero-positives were subjected to parasitological examinations.In addition, epidemiological analyses were performed to describe the characteristics of schistosomiasis in the floating population. Re-sults A total of 11 834 floating population were monitored at the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China during the study period,and 11 558 persons received serological tests,with 419 sero-positives screened.Then,370 sero-positive floating populations were detected using parasitological examinations,and 25 stool positives were detected.The prevalence of S.japoni-cum infections significantly varied in time(Χ 2=15.103 7),occupations(Χ 2=115.182 7)and regions(Χ 2= 13.177 5)in the study subjects during the study period(all P<0.05).A high adjusted prevalence of S.japonicum infections was seen in the boat-men and fishermen in several provinces. Conclusions Boatmen and fishermen are at a high risk of S. japonicum infections among the floating population,and should be paid more attention to in future schistosomiasis surveillance and control activities due to their strong mobility and difficulty of monitoring.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the trend and epidemiological features of human brucellosis from 2010 to 2016 in Weinan,Shaanxi Province,and to provide scientific data for effective control of human brucellosis.Methods The data were obtained from the China Disease Surveillance Information Management System and the brucellosis monitoring and epidemic survey of Weinan City from 2010 to 2016.The "three distribution" of brucellosis,the positive rate of serological test of the key group and the infecting route of the epidemic were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology method.Results A total of 1 624 brucellosis cases were reported in Weinan City from 2010 to 2016 and none death case occurred.The morbidity rose from 1.96/100 000 in 2010 to 11.16/100 000 in 2014.The morbidity fallen from 5.46/100 000 in 2015 to 3.33/100 000 in 2016.The reported cases distributed in 10 counties of Weinan and mainly concentrated in Dali County (682 cases),Chengcheng County (269 cases) and Pucheng County (225 cases),accounting for 72.41％ (1 176/1 624).There were brucellosis occurring in all months of the year.The age group distributed mainly from 40 to 64 years old which accounted for 63.67％ (1 034/1 624) of the total reported cases.The peasants accounted for 91.75％ (1 490/1 624) in all cases.Men were significantly higher than women and the morbidity ratio of male to female was 3.28 ∶ 1.00 (1 245 ∶ 379).A total of 15 126 key occupational persons were tested and the positive rate of serology was 2.21％ (335/15 126) annually.The feeding and delivery process were the main ways of infection.Conclusions The brucellosis epidemic in Weinan shows a trend from rise to decline.The middle-aged male peasants account for major population in all cases and the ways of infection are diversified.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological features,clinical classification,clinical manifestation and the detection of islet autoantibody of the children with diabetes hospitalized in a single center.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the 431 patients with diabetes newly diagnosed at the Department of Endocrinology,Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to December 2016.The medical records,including the number of children per year,the proportion of various types of diabetes,children's general situation,family history,blood sugar,urine and urine ketone body,blood gas analysis,fasting C peptide,and islet autoantibody test results,were analyzed.Results Of the 431 patients,there were 309 cases (71.7％) of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM),86 cases (20.0％) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),22 cases (5.1％) of special type of diabetes and 14 cases (3.2％) of undetermined type of diabetes.Maturity onset diabetes in young (MODY) was found in 16 cases out of 22 special type of diabetes.Nine MODY children underwent gene detection,and 2 children were detected with mutation in the GCK gene(c.370G ＞ C,p.D124H;c.707A ＞ G,p.E236G) and the types were MODY2.The annual number of children with diabetes from 2010 to 2016 were 43 cases,50 cases,65 cases,65 cases,68 cases,75 cases and 65 cases respectively,and the growth rate increased 51.2％ from 2010 to 2016.The median age of T1 DM patients at diagnosis was 7.0 years old,compared with 12.7 years of T2DM patients;94.5％ (292 cases) of T1DM patients had typical " three polys and one little" symptoms of diabetes,compared with 75.6％ (65 cases) of T2DM patients;41.1％ (128 cases) of T1DM patients had ketoacidosis at the onset of diabetes,compared with 16.2％ (14 cases) of T2DM patients;33.0％ (102 cases) of T1DM patients had family history of diabetes,compared with 74.4％ (64 cases)of T2DM patients;the median of fasting C peptide of 302 T1DM patients was 0.20 μg/L,compared with 2.14 μg/L of 85 T2DM patients;the differences above were all statistically significant (Z =-11.127,P =0.00;x2 =27.689,P =0.000;x2 =18.473,P =0.000 017;x2 =47.348,P =0.000;Z =-12.865,P =0.00).Two hundred and seventy-nine T1 DM patients were tested for islet cell antibody (ICA),insulin autoantibody (IAA),glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) at the same time,and the positive rate was 2.9％ (8/279 cases),14.7％ (41/279 cases),and 9.3％ (26/279 cases) respectively,and there were 65 cases (23.3％) with at least one positive result.One hundred and three T1DM patients were detected by the combination of 5 islet autoantibodies (ICA,IAA,GADA,islet antigen-2 antibody,Zinc transporter type 8 autoantibodies),and the positive rate of at least 1 antibody was 53.4％ (55/103 ca-ses),while 23 T2DM patients were tested for these five auto-antibodies,and the positive rate of at least 1 antibody was 13.0％ (3/23 cases),and the difference between 2 groups was statistically significant (x2 =12.325,P =0.000 447).Conclusions (1) The number of hospitalized diabetes of children and adolescents in our center was increasing gradually.(2) In the center's hospitalized diabetes patients,T1DM accounted for the most,T2DM took the second place,and there were minority of special type of diabetes.MODY accounted for the most part of special type of diabetes,and the main gene mutation was GCK gene mutation with type of MODY2.(3)T1 DM had the characteristics of early onset age,typical "three polys and one little" symptoms of diabetes,more ketoacidosis at onset,low fasting C peptide,fewer family history of diabetes compared with T2DM.(4)The combined detection of islet autoantibodies could improve the detection rate of T1DM.
ABSTRACT
Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
ABSTRACT
Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con neumonía intrahospitalaria (NIH) en un servicio de medicina interna. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo; llevado a cabo en el servicio de medicina interna Nº 5 del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen (HNGAI) durante el año 2015. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 15 años con el diagnóstico de egreso de NIH que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Resultados: Se evaluaron 26 historias clínicas de pacientes. La incidencia de NIH fue de 2.37% y la mortalidad de 73.03%. La edad promedio fue de 58.69 ± 12.49 años. El 42.31% de pacientes tuvieron más de 80 años. La NIH fue predominante en el género masculino 65.38%. Se obtuvo una estancia hospitalaria promedio de 62.53 días y 12 pacientes 46.15% estuvieron más de 60 días hospitalizados. Entre los factores intrínsecos asociados, la enfermedad cerebrovascular fue la comorbilidad más frecuente con 26.92%; seguido de la enfermedad neoplásica con 23.07%. Los factores extrínsecos asociados más frecuentes fueron el uso de sonda nasogástrica y la profilaxis de úlceras de stress con 84.61% cada uno, la intubación endotraqueal 53.84% y la ventilación mecánica 50%. Los microorganismos aislados fueron Acinetobacter baumannii 15.38%, Pseudomona aeruginosa 11.53% y Staphilococcus aureus (3.84%). Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta mortalidad en los pacientes con NIH en el servicio de medicina interna. La edad avanzada, las comorbilidades tales como enfermedad cerebrovascular, la enfermedad neoplásica, el uso de sonda nasogástrica y de inhibidores de la secreción gástrica son factores mayormente encontrados en NIH
Objetive: To determine the epidemiological features in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in an Internal Medicine Service. Material and methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out in Internal Medicine Service Nº5 from Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital in 2015. Medical records of patients older than 15 years old were reviewed with the discharged diagnosis of HAP who meet the selection criteria. Results: Twenty six medical records were evaluated. The incidence rate of HAP was 2.37% and the mortality rate was 73.03%. The average age was 58.69 ± 12.49 years old. Patients older than 80 years old meant 42.31% of all of them. HAP was more frequent in male patients (65.38%). The average hospital stay was 62.53 days and 12 patients (46.15%) had more than sixty days of hospitalization. Among the intrinsic associated factors, the cerebrovascular disease was the most frequent illness, followed by the neoplastic disease with 23.07%. The most frequent extrinsic associated factors were the use of nasogastric tube and the stress ulcers prophylaxis with 84.61% each other, the endotracheal intubation with 53.84% and the mechanical ventilation with 50%. The isolated microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (15.38%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (11.53%) and Staphilococcus aureus (3.84%). Conclusions: A high mortality rate was found in patients with HAP. Advanced age, comorbidities like cerebrovascular and neoplastic disease and the use of nasogastric tube and gastric secretor inhibitors were factors mostly found in HAP
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics and trends of rabies and explore control and prevention measures based on the rabies surveillance data of 2012 in China.Methods Data of 2012 from China' s infectious disease surveillance reporting and management system and sentinel surveillance systems in 6 provinces were used,for a retrospective analysis in descriptive epidemiological methods.Results 1 425 cases were reported in 731 counties of 27 provinces in 2012 and 1 361 deaths were reported due to rabies,with the rabies incidence rate and mortality rate of 0.11/100 000 and 0.10/100 000 respectively,decreasing by 26.0％ and 27.9％ respectively from 2011.Rabies epidemic was mainly found in southern regions,followed by middle and eastern regions in China.49.6％ of total rabies cases were found in Guangxi,Guangdong,Hunan,Guizhou,and Henan province,which were the top five provinces.The rabies cases were mainly peasants,students and scattered children,accounting for 70.9％,8.3％ and 5.8％ of total cases respectively.The male-female ratio in rabies cases was 2.6:1.In 2012,294 epidemiological questionnaires were collected,revealing that 92.1％ of the exposure was caused by dogs and 6.8％ by cats.The median of latent period was 70 days.62.4％ of the cases were exposed in upper limb,and only 6.9％ of such cases were vaccinated after exposure while the proportion of passive immunity biological vaccination was 2.9％ for cases with exposure of category Ⅲ.Surveillance data from PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) clinics showed that 81.7％ of the visitors were hurt by dogs and the exposure categories Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ accounted for 7.0％,50.5％ and 42.5％ respectively.The proportion of of the exposure categories varied by PEP surveillance clinics.Conclusion Despite continuing decrease of rabies cases in China in 2012,the number of counties (districts) affected failed relatively slow,with a tendency of rabies spreading to the western and northern regions in China.There were more rabies cases in rural areas than urban ones,and children and elderly people constitute the high-risk population.Animal reservoir of rabies was still dogs as before.Poor PEP and insufficient use of vaccination and passive immunity preparations were main causes for onset of human rabies.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Microbial keratitis is a common potentially vision threatening ocular infection caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Bacterial corneal ulceration is an ocular emergency. Hence an understanding of epidemiological features is important in rapid recognition, timely institution of therapy and optimal management. Objectives: To isolate the specific bacterial pathogens and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. To determine the risk factors and other epidemiological characteristics of infectious keratitis, and the importance of direct microscopy. Methods: Corneal scrapings were collected under strict aseptic conditions from each patient. The scrapings were subjected to direct microscopy (Gram’s stain), culture, and identification by standard microbiological techniques, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results & Conclusions: Bacterial isolates were obtained from 41 out of 100 samples. Gram positive isolates accounted for 56.09% of the isolates, and Gram negative isolates 43.90%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant bacterial isolate (26.82%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (19.51%). Corneal ulcers showed a higher prevalence in the 21-50yr age group (58.53%), with agricultural labourers contributing to 51.21%. Peak incidence of corneal ulceration was seen during the monsoon season (June – September). History of trauma to the eye, with vegetative matter, was the most frequent predisposing factor noted, representing to 65.85% of the cases. Both Gram negative and Gram positive isolates were more commonly sensitive to amikacin and gentamicin. Both smear & culture positivity was noted in 35 out of 41 samples by Gram’s stain giving a sensitivity of 85.36%.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Corneal infection of fungal etiology is very common and represents 30% to 40% of all cases of culture positive infectious keratitis. Hence an understanding of the epidemiological features is important in rapid recognition, timely institution of therapy, optimal management and prevention of this disease entity. Objectives: To isolate the specific fungal agents causing keratitis. To determine the risk factors and other epidemiological characteristics of infectious keratitis. To evaluate the importance of direct microscopy in the isolation of etiological agents and institution of therapy. Material Methods: Corneal scrapings were collected under strict aseptic conditions from each patient. The scrapings were subjected to direct microscopy using 10% Potassium Hydroxide (10% KOH), fungal culture and identification by standard microbiological techniques. Results & Conclusions: Fungal isolates were obtained in 30 out of 100 samples. The predominant fungal isolate was Fusarium spp. (30%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (26.66%). Corneal ulcers showed a higher prevalence in the later age groups (31-70 yr), representing a total of 89.99% of the fungal isolates. Male preponderance was seen, with 70% of the fungal ulcers occurring in males. 93.33% of the ulcers occurred among the lower socio economic group and 80% in the rural areas (villages). Agricultural labourers contributed to 63.33% of the corneal ulcers, and peak incidence of corneal ulceration was seen during the monsoon season- 43.33%. History of corneal trauma (83.33%), with vegetative matter (68%), was the most common predisposing factor noted. 10% KOH mount was positive in 28 out of 30 fungal ulcers- 93.33% sensitivity.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la enfermedad diarreica es aún una causa importante de mortalidad en países en desarrollo, en los que afecta principalmente a los niños menores de 5 años de edad. En Cuba, aunque la mortalidad por esta causa se ha reducido, puede ser un importante problema de salud en ciertas épocas del año. Entre los grupos de agentes biológicos que se pueden encontrar en niños con diarreas están los parásitos, de los cuales no siempre se conoce bien su papel como agente causal. Objetivo: determinar algunas características epidemiológicas de las infecciones parasitarias en niños ingresados con diarrea. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en niños ingresados con diarrea en la sala de gastroenterología del hospital pediátrico William Soler de La Habana, desde noviembre de 2006 a octubre de 2007. A todos los niños se les recogieron muestras de heces para estudios parasitológicos y se les llenó un cuestionario con datos clínicos y epidemiológicos. Resultados: se encontró una mayor frecuencia de infecciones por protozoos para todas las edades (p< 0,01); el grupo mayor de 2 años resultó el más frecuente infectado en general (68,52 porciento) y el más parasitado por Giardia lamblia (35,18 porciento), mientras que los lactantes presentaron la menor frecuencia de parasitismo intestinal (18,18 porciento). Las infecciones por protozoos en general y por el complejo Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar en particular, fueron más frecuentes en la estación de lluvia que en la de seca (p< 0,05). Por último, se encontró que los niños asistentes a círculos infantiles y a escuelas primarias, presentaron una mayor frecuencia de infección con Giardia lamblia que por Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar y Cryptosporidium (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: se encontró un predominio de infecciones por protozoos en niños ingresados con diarreas, las cuales se presentaron más frecuentes en los mayores de 2 años y en la estación de lluvia
Introduction: acute diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in developing countries, and children aged less than five years are the most affected. Despite of decreasing mortality rates in Cuba, this illness may be an important health problem in some periods of the year. Among the groups of biological agents found in children with diarrhea are the parasites but their role as etiological agent is not always well recognized. Objective: to determine some epidemiological characteristics of parasitic infections in hospitalized children due to diarrhea. Methods: an observational descriptive study was performed on children who had diarrhea and were admitted to the gastroenterology service ward in William Soler pediatric hospital in Havana from November 2006 to October 2007. Their stool samples were collected for parasitological studies, and some questionnaires were filled out with corresponding clinical and epidemiological data. Results: the frequency of protozoan infections was higher than that of helminthic ones for all the age groups(p< 0.01), and children aged over 2 years was the most frequently infected with all types of parasites in general (68.52 percent), and with Giardia lamblia (35.18 percent) in particular whereas the infant group was the less frequently infected with intestinal parasites (18.18 percent). The infections caused by protozoa and by Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar were more frequent in the rainy season than in the dry season (p< 0.05). Finally, a higher prevalence of infections with Giardia lamblia than with Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar or Cryptosporidium was found in day care and primary school children (p< 0.05). Conclusions: a higher prevalence of protozoan infections was observed and they occur more frequently in children aged more than two years old and during the rainy season
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology , Protozoan Infections/complications , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/complications , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Objective Through analyzing the national statutory reporting data on typhoid,paratyphoid fever in 2012,we were trying to understand the whole picture of typhoid,paratyphoid fever at the national level as well as to understand the trends and characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in provinces with high incidence rate,so as to the development of prevention and control strategies of the diseases in those high-incidence rate provinces.Methods We descriptively analyzed the national typhoid and paratyphoid fever statutory reporting data which was reported through disease surveillance information reporting system in 2012.Results 11 998 cases with typhoid and paratyphoid fever were reported with 3 fatal ones,in 2012 in the whole country.The incidence rate was 0.89 per 100 000.Compared to the data gathered in 2011,the incidence rates of typhoid/paratyphoid fever increased by 1.20％.The total number of the confirmed cases on typhoid and paratyphoid fever was 6522 and was accounted for 54.36％ of the total cases,in which paratyphoid fever accounted for 36.86％.Cases were mainly involved farmers and followed by students and children.Incidence rates of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in children aged 0-4 years old appeared the highest (respectively 1.31/100 000 and 0.46/100 000).Yunnan,Guizhou,Guangdong,Guangxi,Zhejiang,Hunan and Xinjiang provinces (autonomous regions) were identified as provinces with high-incidence rates of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.During 2005-2012,the incidence rates in most of the above high-incidence provinces showed a downward trend,except for in Guangdong which had only showed a slight change.There were variations on peak period and highly-hit population in seven high-incidence provinces.Conclusion The incidence rate of typhoid/paratyphoid fever was in a relatively low level in China.Prevention and control strategies on the diseases in children under 5 years old remained a challenge,warranted more work to be done.The epidemiological situation is still severe in some high-incidence rate provinces.
ABSTRACT
Kawasaki disease,also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome,is an acute,febrile,multisystem disease in children.The coronary artery lesions caused by Kawasaki disease has become the most common acquired heart disease in children.In recent years,epidemiological investigation on Kawasaki disease has been launched in the world.It can provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease through summarizing the epidemiological characteristics of Kawasaki disease in the different regions in China in recent 20 years,including the characteristics of incidence,age,gender,nationality,family history,seasonal onset,relapse rate,mortality and heart damage.